By problem
Each page explains one operating problem, its cause, and a solution path with the current products.
Water treatment
Solutions
Open a page by the problem or by the sector. Each page gives a solution path from the current product text.
By problem
Scale in a Steam Boiler: Causes and the Solution
Boiler scale is a hard layer from hardness and silica in the feed water. The layer forms on the hot surface. Scale blocks heat transfer to the water. The boiler burns more fuel, and the tube metal gets too hot.
By problem
Scale, Corrosion and Algae in a Cooling Tower
An open cooling tower contacts the air. Evaporation concentrates hardness and silica. Scale and corrosion block heat transfer. Algae, biofilm and bacteria block the fill.
By problem
Corrosion and Sludge in Closed-Loop Systems
Water in a closed heating or cooling loop is replaced rarely. If oxygen, pH and bacteria are not controlled, the metal corrodes. Iron oxide sludge, also called magnetite in plant use, blocks narrow passages.
By problem
Scale and Fouling on a Reverse Osmosis Membrane
A reverse osmosis membrane leaves the salt behind. When the remaining hardness and silica pass saturation, scale forms on the membrane. Organic dirt and biofilm are a separate fouling. The antiscalant and the dosage are selected from the feed water analysis and the projection report.
Solutions
What Is an Antiscalant, and How Do You Select It?
An antiscalant is a chemical dosed before the reverse osmosis membrane. It delays hardness and silica from becoming scale on the membrane. Selection depends on the feed water analysis and the projection report.